Research Article
Open Access
Abattoir-Based Prevalence of Cysticercus bovis, Associated Risk Factors, and Community Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Modjo Municipality, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
Abstract
Background: Bovine cysticercosis, caused by the larval stage (Cysticercus bovis) of Taenia saginata, is an important zoonotic disease that affects both livestock production and public health. The disease results in considerable economic losses due to carcass condemnation and reduced meat quality while posing health risks to humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked infected beef. Information regarding the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis and public awareness remains limited in several parts of Ethiopia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2024 and September 2025 at Modjo Municipal Abattoir, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. A total of 384 cattle were systematically selected and examined using routine ante-mortem and post-mortem meat inspection procedures to determine the prevalence and anatomical distribution of Cysticercus bovis. In addition, a structured questionnaire survey involving 100 community members was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding taeniasis and bovine cysticercosis. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20 to determine prevalence and evaluate associations between selected risk factors and infection.
Results: The overall prevalence of bovine cysticercosis was 7.3% (28/384). Animals with poor body condition showed significantly higher infection rates than those with medium or good body condition. The tongue was the most frequently affected organ, followed by the liver, kidneys, masseter muscles, and heart. The KAP survey indicated that although many respondents had previously heard about taeniasis, misconceptions regarding disease transmission, prevention, and meat inspection remained common. Consumption of raw beef and inadequate public awareness continue to represent important risk factors for disease transmission.
Conclusion: Bovine cysticercosis remains an important veterinary and public health concern in the study area. Improved meat inspection, enhanced public awareness, better sanitation practices, and strengthened disease surveillance are recommended to reduce disease transmission and associated economic losses.
Keywords
Cysticercus bovis, Taenia saginata, bovine cysticercosis, prevalence, abattoir survey, zoonosis, Ethiopia, public health.
References
Abate W. (2014). Cysticercus bovis and Taenia saginata in Ejere, Ginci and Holota central Ethiopia.
Abunna (2006). Study on the prevalence of Bovine Infection, Cysticercosis in Hawassa municipal abattoir and Taenia saginata in Hawassa town and its surroundings, South Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
Abunna F. (2013). Prevalence, organ distribution, viability and socioeconomic implication of bovine cysticercosis/teniasis, Ethiopia Rev. Médecin Vétér. Tropicaux, (2013),66 (1) 25-30.
Abunna F., Tilahun G., Megersa B., Regassa A. and Kumsa B. (2008). Bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Hawassa municipal abattoir, Ethiopia: prevalence, cyst viability, distribution and its public health implication. Journal of zoonosis and public health, 55: 82-88.
Acha N. and Szyfres B. (2003). Zoonosis and communicable diseases common to man and animals. USA: pan American health organization, 3(1), 269-265.
Adem, E., & Alemneh, T. (2016). The occurrence of Cysticercus bovis at Gondar Elfora abattoir, northwest of Ethiopia. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology, 10(3), 16-21.
Adem, H., and Tariku, B. (2018). Zoonotic metacestodes and associated financial loss from cattle slaughtered at Yabello municipal abattoir, Borana-Oromia, Ethiopia Haramaya University, Ethiopia journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/parepi
Adugna, T., Yacob, H., Dinka, A. and Getachew, T. (2012). Bovine cysticercosis and human taeniosis in southwest Shoa zone of Oromia Region,Ethiopia. Veterinay Journal, 17 (2), 70 - 82.
Alemneh T., Adem T. and Akeberegn D. (2017). Mini review on bovine cysticercosis. Journal of health care communication, 2(2), 15.
Andualem Yimer and Belayneh Mergia Gebrmedehan. (2019). BovineCysticercosis and Hospital Based Retrospective Survey of Human Taeniasis in and around Debre Brihan City, Central Ethiopia.
Assefa A. (2015). Public health impact of bovine cysticercosis in Ethiopia: A review. Jacobs journal of veterinary science and research, 1(1), 010.
Ballier, T. and Mandal, S.C. (2012). Veterinary Parasitology at a Glance.2ndedition New Delhi, Ibdc, India. 28-24 Oval Road, London NW17DX. 4, 203-194.
Bedu, H., Tafess, K., Shelima, B., Woldeyohannes, D., Amare, B. and Kassu, A. (2011). ‘Bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Zeway municipal abattoir: Prevalence and its public health importance’, Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology; 2, 1–5.
Bekraki A, Hanna K. (2016). Peritonitis caused by jejunal perforation with Taenia saginata: report of a case. J Parasit Dis.;40:203-204.
Belachew, M. and Ibrahim, N. (2012). Prevalence of Cysticercus Bovis in Hawassa Municipal Abattoir and its Public Health Implication‟, American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 7(6): 238–245.
Birhanu, T., Habtamu, T. and Mu-uz, G. (2018). Prevalence, financial impact and public health significance of Cysticercus bovis at Bahir Dar Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia‟, Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 10(1): 14–20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2017.0650.
Biruk, W.A. (2017). Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis at Jijiga Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 8, 442.
Boone, I., Thys, E., Marcotty, T., de Borchgrave, J., Ducheyne, E. and Dorny, P. (2007). Distribution and risk factors of bovine cysticercosis in Belgian dairy and mixed herds. Prev. Vet. Med., 82:1–11.
Cabaret J., Geerts S., Madeline M., Ballandonne C. and Barbier D. (2002). The use of urban Sewage sludge on pasture: the cysticercosis threat. Veterinary research. 33, 570-598.
Center of Disease Control/CDC. (2017). Laboratory identification of parasites of public health concern. Http//www: dpd.cdc.gov.dpdx. Date of cited 18, 2017.
Central Statistical Agency/CSA. (2022). Federal democratic republic of Ethiopia, central stastical agency: agricultural sample survey, report on livestock and livestock characteristics, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Chomel B. (2008). Control and prevention of emerging parasitic zoonoses. International journal For parasitology, Oxford, 38(11), 1211-1217.
Cox, F.E.G., (2002). History of Human Parasitology. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 15(4):595- 612. Accessed on 5/10/17 http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/15/4/595.
Dawit, S. (2004). Epidemiology of T.saginata and cysticercosis in North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit.
Deressa A., Yohannes M., Alemayehu M., Degefu H., Tolosa T, Pal M. (2012). Human teaniasis in health centers and bovine cysticercosis in selected abattoir in Addis Ababa and Modjo, Ethiopia. International Journal of Livestock Research.2, 206-216.
Dorny P., Praet N.(2009). Taenia saginata in Europe. Veterinary Parasitology. 149, 22–24.
Dorny, P., Phiri, I., Gabriël, S., Speybroeck, N., & Vercruysse, J. (2002). A seroepidemiological study of bovine cysticercosis in Zambia. Veterinary Parasitology, 104(3), 211-215.
Dorny, P., Vercammen, F. Brandt, J. Vansteenkiste, W. Berkvens, D. and Geerts, S. (2000). Sero- Epidemiological Study of Taenia saginata, Cysticercosis in Belgian Cattle. Veterinary Parasitology. 88, 43- 49.
Elizandro P. and Maria A. (2016). Prevention and control of bovine cysticercosis: a Delphi study. Semina, ciências agrárias, londrina, 37(6), 4139-4148. Doi: 10.5433/1679- 0359.2016v37n6p4139.
Emiru L, Tadesse D, Kifleyohannes T, Sori T, Hagos Y. (2015). Prevalence and public health significance of bovine cysticercosis at Elfora abattoir, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Journal of Public Health Epidemiology. 7:34–40.
Endris, J. and Negussie, H. (2011). Bovine cysticercosis: Prevalence, cyst viability and distribution in cattle slaughtered at Kombolcha Elfora Meat Factory, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 11, 173-176.
Fahmy, H.A., Khalifa,N.O., Reham, S., EL-Madawy, J., Afify, S.A., Nagwa, S.M. A. and Kandil, O.M., (2015). Prevalence of Bovine Cysticercosis and Taenia saginata in Man: Journal of Global Veterinarian 15,372-380.
FAO. (2004). Cysticercosis. In Murrell K. veterinary public health disease. Fact sheet, Paris, 23- 45.
FAO. (2017). The future of food and agriculture Trends and challenges. FAO tackling global challenges, 2017 Results, Partnerships - Impact 2018. Rome.
FAO/UNEP/WHO. (1994). Guidelines for echinococcosis/hydatidosis surveillance, prevention and control. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 147.
FAO/WHO Food Standards program (2005). FAO/WHO Regional Conference on Food safety for Africa. October 3-6, 2005, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Fertg, D.L. and Dorn, C.R. (1985). Taenia saginata/ Cysticercosis in an Ohio cattle feeding operation. JAVMA.186, 1281_1285.
Feseha, G. (1995). Zoonotic disease in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinarian Assocciation Proclaim pp: 22-38.
Fikire Z., Tolosa T., Nigussie Z., Macias C. and Kebede N. (2012): Prevalence and characterization of hydatidosis in animals slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir, Ethiopia. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology, 4:1-6.
Flisser A, Vázquez-Mendoza A, Martínez-Ocaña J, Gómez-Colín E, Leyva RS, Medina-Santillán R. (2005). Short report: evaluation of a self-detection tool for tapeworm carriers for use in public health. Am J Trop Med Hyg.; 72(5),510-512. PMID: 15891122.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2007). Animal production and health division relating to animal health disease cards of Cysticercosis (bovine).
Frolova, A.A. (1982). Epidemiology of Taeniasis. Zoonoses Control Collection of Teaching Aids for International Training Course. V.II, Moscow.
Garcia L., Jimenez J. and Escalante H. (2007). Cestodes: In manual of clinical microbiology 9th edition Washington, D.C.,ASM Press. 2166.
Gboeloh L. (2015). Occurrence of Taenia saginata in port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. International journal of animal and veterinary sciences, 9(12), 1295-1298.
Gebratsadik K, Bemrew A, Belete H, (2016). Prevalence and economic importance of Cysticercosis in Gondor Elfora abattoir. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
Getachew Teka. (1997). Food Hygiene Principles and Food Born Disease Control with special Reference to Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Ghadisha D. Pediatric cysticercosis [monograph online]. eMedicine.com; (2016). Oct. Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/997096-overview.
Gracey J, Collins DS, Huey R (2011). Meat Hygiene.10thed. W.B.Saunders Company Ltd. London. 674.
Gracey J., Collins S. and Huey R. (2015). Meat Hygiene 11 thed. W. B. Saunders company Ltd. London, 198-215.
Gracey, F. and Collins, S. (1992). Meat hygiene 5th Edition, Bailliere Tindal, London. Pp. 413-420.
Gracy, J.F., Collins, D.S. and Huey, R.J. (1999). Meat Hygiene (10th edition). W.B. Sounders Company Ltd., London.
Himiru Keno and Dereje Tulu. (2018). Prevalence and Socio-Economic Importance of Major Bovine Metacestodes in Bedele Municipal Abattoir, Southwestern Ethiopia.International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology, 5: 71-85.
Hirpha A., Bekele T. and Melaku M. (2018). Study on bovine cysticercosis with special attention to its prevalence, economic losses and public health significance in and around Halaba Kulito town, south Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12(4): 299-307. Doi: 10.5829/idosi.wjas.2016.12.4.23762.
Jenkins J., Brown K. and Traub J. (2013). Cysticercosis storm in feedlot cattle in north-west Wales. Australian Veterinary Journal, 91(3): 89-93.
Jilo, K., Abdela, N., and Adem, A. (2016). Insufficient veterinary service as major constraints in pastoral area of Ethiopia: a review. Journal of Biological and Agricultural Health care, 6(9): 94-101.
Jorga, E., Van Damme, I., Mideksa, B. and Gabriël, S. (2020). Identification of risk areas and practices for Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta analysis; 13:375.
Kebede, N., Tilahun, G. and Hailu, A. (2009). Current status of bovine cysticercosis of slaughtered cattle in Addis Ababa Abattoir, Ethiopia. Journal of Tropical Animal Health Production, 41, 291-4.
Kumar, A. and Tadesse, G. (2011). Bovine cysticercosis in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 15 (1): 15-35.
Kyvsgaard, N.C. and Murrell, K.D. (2005). Prevention of taeniosis and cysticercosis. In: K.D. Mueller, Editor, WHO/FAO/OIE Guidelines for the Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Taeniosis/Cysticercosis, World Health Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, 56–72.
Lefevre C., Blancou J., Chermette R. and Uilenberg G. (2010). Infectious and parasitic or helminthes zoonotic diseases, bacterial diseases and fungal diseases. Lavoisier, 2: 1201- 1217.
Lefevre C., Blancou J., Chermette R. and Uilenberg G. (2010). Infectious and parasitic or helminthes zoonotic diseases, bacterial diseases and fungal diseases. Lavoisier, 2: 1201- 1217.
Mapatse, M., Sabeta, C., Fafetine, J., and Abernethy, D. (2022). Knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) and control of rabies among community households and health practitioners at the human-wildlife interface in Limpopo National Park, Massingir District, Mozambique. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 16(3), e0010202.
Martins, P. (2014). Structural change in Ethiopia: an employment perspective. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 67, 49.
McGavin, MD., Cariton, WW. and Zachary, JF. (2010). Muscle in Thomson’s special veterinary pathology, 2nd edn.Mosby,USA,Pp 461-478.
McGavin, MD., Cariton, WW. and Zachary, JF. (2010). Muscle in Thomson’s special veterinary pathology, 2nd edn.Mosby,USA,Pp 461-478.
McManus, D. P. (2009). Reflections on the biochemistry of Echinococcus: past, present and future. Parasitology, 136(12), 1643-1652.
Mcmanus, P. (2006). Molecular discrimination of taeniid cestodes. Parasitology international journal, 55: 31-37.
Mcmanus, P. (2006). Molecular discrimination of taeniid cestodes. Parasitology international journal, 55: 31-37.
Megersa, B., E. Tesfaye, A. Regassa, R. Abebe and F. Abunna. (2010). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Bovine Cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Southern Ethiopia.
Megersa, B., Tesfaye, E., Regassa, A., Abebe, R. and Abuna, F. (2010). Bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Jimma Municipal Abattoir, South Western Ethiopia: prevalence,cyst viability and its socio-economic importance. Veterinary World,3: 257–262.
Megersa, B., Tesfaye, E., Regassa, A., Abebe, R., and Abunna, F. (2009). Bovine cysticercosis in Cattle Slaughtered at Jimma Municipal Abattoir, South western Ethiopia: Prevalence, Cyst viability and Its Socio-economic importance, VeterinaryWorld, 3(6): 257-262.
Ministry of Agriculture/MoA. (1972). Meat inspection regulations. Legal notice no. 428 negarit gazeta. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Ministry of Agriculture/MoA. (1972). Meat Inspection Regulations. Legal notice No. 428 Negarite Gazeta, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Minozzo C., Gusso L., Castro A., Lago O. and Soccoi T. (2002). Experimental bovine infection with Taenia saginata eggs: recovery rates and Cysticerci location. Brazilian archives of biology and technology, 45: 452-455.
Minozzo, J.C., Gusso, R.L.F., De Castro, E.A., Lago, O. and Soccoi, V.T. (2002). Experimental Bovine Infection with T. saginata Eggs: Recovery Rates and Cysticerci Location. Braz. arch. biol. technol. 45, 4.
Mishra, S., Kumari, K. and Dubey, A. (2016). Body Condition Scoring of Dairy Cattle. Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2, 1–8.
Mohamed, A., Abebe, M., Birhanu, W., Abdirahman, M. and Wali, M. A. (2021). Prevalence of Taenia saginata cysticerci in Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Ethiopia. Food Waterborne Parasitol. 2021;25:e00135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed].
Mulugeta, A. (1997). Bovine cysticercosis: Prevalence, Economic and Public Health Importance at Bahir Dar Municipal Abattoir. Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, DebreZeit, Ethiopia.
Mulugeta, A., (1997): Bovine Cysticercosis, Prevalence, Economic and Public Health Importance at Bahir Dar Municipal Abattoir. DVM Thesis, AAU, DebrZeit, Ethiopia.
Murrel, B. (1991). Economic losses resulting from food born parasitic zoonoses. In Hailu D.(2005); prevalence and risk factor for Teania saginata cysticercosis in three selected areas of eastern shoa. Southern AsianJournal of Tropical Medicine22:268-270.
Murrell, D. (2013). Zoonotic food borne parasites and their surveillance. Scientific and technical review of the office international des epizooties, Paris, 32(2): 559-569.
Murrell, D. (2013). Zoonotic food borne parasites and their surveillance. Scientific and technical review of the office international des epizooties, Paris, 32(2): 559-569.
Mwape, K.E. and Gabriël, S. (2014). The Parasitological, Immunological and Molecular diagnosis of human taeniasis with special emphasis on Taenia solium taeniasis. Current Tropical Medicine Report 1: 173–180.
Netsanet, B. G., Yesuf, Y.A., Abrha, B. H. and Lewtnesh, B. D. (2020). Prevalence and public health importance of Cysticercus bovis in and around Dessie, Amhara region, North East Ethiopia. Niger J Anim Sci. 2020;22:173-185.
Nigatu, K. (2009). Cysticercosis of slaughtered cattle in northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of research veterinary science, 85: 522-526.
Nigatu, K., (2004). Cysticercus bovis: development and evaluation of serological tests and prevalence at Addis Ababa abattoir.
Nunes, Dda S., Gonzaga, H.T., Ribeiro, Vda., Cunha, JP J.r. and Costa-Cruz, J.M. (2013). Taenia saginata metacestode antigenic fractions obtained by ion exchange chromatography: potential source of immunodominant markers applicable in the immunodiagnosis of human neurocysticercosis. Diagnostic Microbiology Infectious Diseases,762: 36-41.
Nzeyimana, P., Habarugira, G., Udahemuka, J. C., Mushonga, B., and Tukei, M. (2015). Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis and age relationship at post-mortem in Nyagatare slaughterhouse.
OIE (Office of International des-Epizootics). (2000). Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines of Cysticercosis. In: Leeuw P. Semenye C. Peacock and Grandin B.Food and agricultural organization. Animal production and health paper, Rome, Italy, 423- 428.
OIE (Office of International des-Epizootics). (2004). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals, bird and bees). 5th edition, Paris, 997-1005.
OIE (Office of International des-Epizootics). (2005). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals, bird and bees). 5th edition, Paris, 997-1005.
OIE (Office of International des-Epizootics). (2012). Terrestrial manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines of cysticercosis. In: Leeuw P., Semenye C., Peacock T. and Grandin B. Chapter 2.9.5. Cysticercosis.
OIE (Office of International des-Epizootics). (2018). Teresterial Manual: in manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. Cysticercosis, 1693-1704.
Onyango J., Hughes A., Opicha G., Ninyi M., Rugutt K. and et al. (2012). Diagnosis of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Kenya cattle by antibodies and antigen ELISA. Journal of Veteterinary parasitology, 66: 221-230.
Onyango-Abuje A., Ngingi M., Rugutt K., Wright N., Lamuba P., Hughes G, and Harrison S. (2011). Sero-epidemiological survey of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Kenya. Veterinary Parasitology. 64:177-185.
Ortega R. (2006). Foodborne parasites. New York: Springer, Pp.207–210.
Pawlowski, Z. and Murrell K. (2001). Taeniasis and cysticercosis. Food borne disease handbook. 2nd edition. New York, Marcel Dekker, 217-227.
Rabiu, B. M. and Jegede O. C. (2010). Incidence of bovine cysticercosis in Kano State, NorthWestern, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3(1): 100 – 103.
Scandrett B., Parker S., Forbes L., Gajadhar A., Dekumyoy P. and et al. (2009). Distribution of Taenia saginata cysticerci in tissues of experimentally infected cattle. Veterinary parasitol, 14: 223-31.
Semie, K., Assefa, A. and Getu, A. (2015). Review work on bovine cysticercosis and its public health importance’s in Ethiopia. Journal of Acta Parasitologica Globalis, 6(1):20-28. Retrievedon August 10, 2015 from http://www.idosi.org/apg/6%281%2915/4.pdf. date assessed November 2023.
Sheikh, M., Sheikh, I., Ali, I. and Reshi, F. (2007). Nasal expulsion of Taenia Saginata: a rare route of expulsion. Internet Journal of Surgery, 16(2):13-20. retrieved on May 10, 2015 from http://is-pub.com/IJS/16/2/9449. date assessed November 2023.
Smyth, JD. (1994). Introduction to Animal Parasitology (3rd edn.).Hodder and Stoughton: London, Pp. 259-273.
Soares, V.E., Andrade belo, M.A., Rezende, P.C., Soccol,V.T., Fukuda, R. T., Oliveira, G.P. and Dacosta, A.J. (2011). Distribution of Taenia saginata metacestodes: a comparison of routine meat inspection and carcass dissection results in experimentally infected calves. Journal of Annals tropical medicine parasitology, 105(5):393–401.
Solomon, H. (2012). Animal health review 1972-1979, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 85-87.
Tegegne, A., Hiko, A. and Elemo, K.K. (2018). Bovine cysticercosis and human taeniasis:Animal–human health and economic approach with treatment trends in Kombolcha Town, Wollo, Ethiopia. International Journal of One Health, 4:15-21.
Teka, G. (1997). Food Hygiene Principles and Food Borne Disease Control with Special Reference to Ethiopia.1st edition, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, Pp.40-62.
Teklemariam, A. D. and Debash, W. (2015). Prevalence of Taenia saginata/Cysticercosis and community knowledge about zoonotic Cestodes in and around Batu, Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol. 2015;6:273.
Tembo, A. (2001). Epidemiology of Taenia saginata, taeniasis/ Cysticercosis in Three Selected Agro- Climatic Zones in central Ethiopia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. University of Berlin, Berlin.
Tesfaye, F., Bekele, J. and Abera, M. H (2020). Public health implications of Cysticercus bovis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla Municipal abattoir, southern Ethiopia. East Afr J Biophys Comput Sci. 2020;1:54-61.
Thrusfield, M. (2005). Veterinary Epidemiology, third edition Blackwell Science Oxford, UK, Pp.183.
Tolossa, T., Tigre, W., Teka, G and Dorny, P. (2009). Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis andhydatidosis in Jimma municipal abattoir, South West Ethiopia. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 76:323–326.
Tolossa, Y.H., Taha, A., Terefe, G. and Jibat, T. (2015). bovine cysticercosis and human taeniasis in Adama Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology; 10, 003.
Urquhart, G., Armour, J., Duncan, A., Dunn, F. and Jennings, A. (2013). Veterinary Parasitology. (8th edition), Black Well Science, London, 120-137.
Van, De N., Le, TH2., Lien, P.T1, and Eom, K.S. (2014). Current status of taeniosis and cysticercosis in Vietnam. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 52: 125-129.
Wanzala, W., Onyango-Abuje, JA., Kang’ethe, Ek., Zessin, M. and Kyule, NM, (2003). Analysis of post mortem diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis in Kenya cattle. Journal of Veterinary Research; 1-9.
WHO and FAO. (2005). Guidelines for surveillance, prevention and control of taeniasis/cysticercosis. In: Gemmell M., Matyas Z., Pawlowski Z. and Soulsby. World health organization handbook of transdisciplinary research, 134-139.
WHO. (2013). Taeniasis/cysticercosis. WHO Fact sheet no 376.
WHO. (2012). Taeniasis/cysticercosis. World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet No. 376.WHO. (2013). Taeniasis/cysticercosis. In: Hirsch G., Hoffmann H., Biber-Klemm S. and Grossenbacher W. WHO Fact sheet, 277-291.
WHO/DFID-AHP. (2005). The control of neglected zoonotic diseases, Report of a Joint WHO/DFID-AHP Meeting with the participation of FAO and OIE 12-14.Retrievedon October 13, 2015 from http://www.who.int/zoonoses/Report_Sept06.pdf?ua=1.
World Health Organization (WHO) (1995). – WHO Model Prescribing Information. Drugs used in parasitic diseases. Second Edition. WHO (Geneva).
World Organisation for Animal Health. (2005). Manual of Diagnosis Tests and vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals, birds and bees) (5th edn.). Paris: 997-1005.
Zdolec, N., Vujević, I., Dobranić, V., Juras, M., Grgurević, N., D. Ardalić, D. and Njari, B. (2012). Prevalence of Cysticercus bovis In Slaughtered Cattle Determined By Traditional Meat Inspection In Croatian Abattoir From 2005 To 2010. Journal of helminthologia, 49(4):229 -232.
Abunna (2006). Study on the prevalence of Bovine Infection, Cysticercosis in Hawassa municipal abattoir and Taenia saginata in Hawassa town and its surroundings, South Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
Abunna F. (2013). Prevalence, organ distribution, viability and socioeconomic implication of bovine cysticercosis/teniasis, Ethiopia Rev. Médecin Vétér. Tropicaux, (2013),66 (1) 25-30.
Abunna F., Tilahun G., Megersa B., Regassa A. and Kumsa B. (2008). Bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Hawassa municipal abattoir, Ethiopia: prevalence, cyst viability, distribution and its public health implication. Journal of zoonosis and public health, 55: 82-88.
Acha N. and Szyfres B. (2003). Zoonosis and communicable diseases common to man and animals. USA: pan American health organization, 3(1), 269-265.
Adem, E., & Alemneh, T. (2016). The occurrence of Cysticercus bovis at Gondar Elfora abattoir, northwest of Ethiopia. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology, 10(3), 16-21.
Adem, H., and Tariku, B. (2018). Zoonotic metacestodes and associated financial loss from cattle slaughtered at Yabello municipal abattoir, Borana-Oromia, Ethiopia Haramaya University, Ethiopia journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/parepi
Adugna, T., Yacob, H., Dinka, A. and Getachew, T. (2012). Bovine cysticercosis and human taeniosis in southwest Shoa zone of Oromia Region,Ethiopia. Veterinay Journal, 17 (2), 70 - 82.
Alemneh T., Adem T. and Akeberegn D. (2017). Mini review on bovine cysticercosis. Journal of health care communication, 2(2), 15.
Andualem Yimer and Belayneh Mergia Gebrmedehan. (2019). BovineCysticercosis and Hospital Based Retrospective Survey of Human Taeniasis in and around Debre Brihan City, Central Ethiopia.
Assefa A. (2015). Public health impact of bovine cysticercosis in Ethiopia: A review. Jacobs journal of veterinary science and research, 1(1), 010.
Ballier, T. and Mandal, S.C. (2012). Veterinary Parasitology at a Glance.2ndedition New Delhi, Ibdc, India. 28-24 Oval Road, London NW17DX. 4, 203-194.
Bedu, H., Tafess, K., Shelima, B., Woldeyohannes, D., Amare, B. and Kassu, A. (2011). ‘Bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Zeway municipal abattoir: Prevalence and its public health importance’, Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology; 2, 1–5.
Bekraki A, Hanna K. (2016). Peritonitis caused by jejunal perforation with Taenia saginata: report of a case. J Parasit Dis.;40:203-204.
Belachew, M. and Ibrahim, N. (2012). Prevalence of Cysticercus Bovis in Hawassa Municipal Abattoir and its Public Health Implication‟, American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 7(6): 238–245.
Birhanu, T., Habtamu, T. and Mu-uz, G. (2018). Prevalence, financial impact and public health significance of Cysticercus bovis at Bahir Dar Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia‟, Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 10(1): 14–20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2017.0650.
Biruk, W.A. (2017). Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis at Jijiga Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 8, 442.
Boone, I., Thys, E., Marcotty, T., de Borchgrave, J., Ducheyne, E. and Dorny, P. (2007). Distribution and risk factors of bovine cysticercosis in Belgian dairy and mixed herds. Prev. Vet. Med., 82:1–11.
Cabaret J., Geerts S., Madeline M., Ballandonne C. and Barbier D. (2002). The use of urban Sewage sludge on pasture: the cysticercosis threat. Veterinary research. 33, 570-598.
Center of Disease Control/CDC. (2017). Laboratory identification of parasites of public health concern. Http//www: dpd.cdc.gov.dpdx. Date of cited 18, 2017.
Central Statistical Agency/CSA. (2022). Federal democratic republic of Ethiopia, central stastical agency: agricultural sample survey, report on livestock and livestock characteristics, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Chomel B. (2008). Control and prevention of emerging parasitic zoonoses. International journal For parasitology, Oxford, 38(11), 1211-1217.
Cox, F.E.G., (2002). History of Human Parasitology. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 15(4):595- 612. Accessed on 5/10/17 http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/15/4/595.
Dawit, S. (2004). Epidemiology of T.saginata and cysticercosis in North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit.
Deressa A., Yohannes M., Alemayehu M., Degefu H., Tolosa T, Pal M. (2012). Human teaniasis in health centers and bovine cysticercosis in selected abattoir in Addis Ababa and Modjo, Ethiopia. International Journal of Livestock Research.2, 206-216.
Dorny P., Praet N.(2009). Taenia saginata in Europe. Veterinary Parasitology. 149, 22–24.
Dorny, P., Phiri, I., Gabriël, S., Speybroeck, N., & Vercruysse, J. (2002). A seroepidemiological study of bovine cysticercosis in Zambia. Veterinary Parasitology, 104(3), 211-215.
Dorny, P., Vercammen, F. Brandt, J. Vansteenkiste, W. Berkvens, D. and Geerts, S. (2000). Sero- Epidemiological Study of Taenia saginata, Cysticercosis in Belgian Cattle. Veterinary Parasitology. 88, 43- 49.
Elizandro P. and Maria A. (2016). Prevention and control of bovine cysticercosis: a Delphi study. Semina, ciências agrárias, londrina, 37(6), 4139-4148. Doi: 10.5433/1679- 0359.2016v37n6p4139.
Emiru L, Tadesse D, Kifleyohannes T, Sori T, Hagos Y. (2015). Prevalence and public health significance of bovine cysticercosis at Elfora abattoir, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Journal of Public Health Epidemiology. 7:34–40.
Endris, J. and Negussie, H. (2011). Bovine cysticercosis: Prevalence, cyst viability and distribution in cattle slaughtered at Kombolcha Elfora Meat Factory, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 11, 173-176.
Fahmy, H.A., Khalifa,N.O., Reham, S., EL-Madawy, J., Afify, S.A., Nagwa, S.M. A. and Kandil, O.M., (2015). Prevalence of Bovine Cysticercosis and Taenia saginata in Man: Journal of Global Veterinarian 15,372-380.
FAO. (2004). Cysticercosis. In Murrell K. veterinary public health disease. Fact sheet, Paris, 23- 45.
FAO. (2017). The future of food and agriculture Trends and challenges. FAO tackling global challenges, 2017 Results, Partnerships - Impact 2018. Rome.
FAO/UNEP/WHO. (1994). Guidelines for echinococcosis/hydatidosis surveillance, prevention and control. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 147.
FAO/WHO Food Standards program (2005). FAO/WHO Regional Conference on Food safety for Africa. October 3-6, 2005, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Fertg, D.L. and Dorn, C.R. (1985). Taenia saginata/ Cysticercosis in an Ohio cattle feeding operation. JAVMA.186, 1281_1285.
Feseha, G. (1995). Zoonotic disease in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinarian Assocciation Proclaim pp: 22-38.
Fikire Z., Tolosa T., Nigussie Z., Macias C. and Kebede N. (2012): Prevalence and characterization of hydatidosis in animals slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir, Ethiopia. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology, 4:1-6.
Flisser A, Vázquez-Mendoza A, Martínez-Ocaña J, Gómez-Colín E, Leyva RS, Medina-Santillán R. (2005). Short report: evaluation of a self-detection tool for tapeworm carriers for use in public health. Am J Trop Med Hyg.; 72(5),510-512. PMID: 15891122.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2007). Animal production and health division relating to animal health disease cards of Cysticercosis (bovine).
Frolova, A.A. (1982). Epidemiology of Taeniasis. Zoonoses Control Collection of Teaching Aids for International Training Course. V.II, Moscow.
Garcia L., Jimenez J. and Escalante H. (2007). Cestodes: In manual of clinical microbiology 9th edition Washington, D.C.,ASM Press. 2166.
Gboeloh L. (2015). Occurrence of Taenia saginata in port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. International journal of animal and veterinary sciences, 9(12), 1295-1298.
Gebratsadik K, Bemrew A, Belete H, (2016). Prevalence and economic importance of Cysticercosis in Gondor Elfora abattoir. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
Getachew Teka. (1997). Food Hygiene Principles and Food Born Disease Control with special Reference to Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Ghadisha D. Pediatric cysticercosis [monograph online]. eMedicine.com; (2016). Oct. Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/997096-overview.
Gracey J, Collins DS, Huey R (2011). Meat Hygiene.10thed. W.B.Saunders Company Ltd. London. 674.
Gracey J., Collins S. and Huey R. (2015). Meat Hygiene 11 thed. W. B. Saunders company Ltd. London, 198-215.
Gracey, F. and Collins, S. (1992). Meat hygiene 5th Edition, Bailliere Tindal, London. Pp. 413-420.
Gracy, J.F., Collins, D.S. and Huey, R.J. (1999). Meat Hygiene (10th edition). W.B. Sounders Company Ltd., London.
Himiru Keno and Dereje Tulu. (2018). Prevalence and Socio-Economic Importance of Major Bovine Metacestodes in Bedele Municipal Abattoir, Southwestern Ethiopia.International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology, 5: 71-85.
Hirpha A., Bekele T. and Melaku M. (2018). Study on bovine cysticercosis with special attention to its prevalence, economic losses and public health significance in and around Halaba Kulito town, south Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12(4): 299-307. Doi: 10.5829/idosi.wjas.2016.12.4.23762.
Jenkins J., Brown K. and Traub J. (2013). Cysticercosis storm in feedlot cattle in north-west Wales. Australian Veterinary Journal, 91(3): 89-93.
Jilo, K., Abdela, N., and Adem, A. (2016). Insufficient veterinary service as major constraints in pastoral area of Ethiopia: a review. Journal of Biological and Agricultural Health care, 6(9): 94-101.
Jorga, E., Van Damme, I., Mideksa, B. and Gabriël, S. (2020). Identification of risk areas and practices for Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta analysis; 13:375.
Kebede, N., Tilahun, G. and Hailu, A. (2009). Current status of bovine cysticercosis of slaughtered cattle in Addis Ababa Abattoir, Ethiopia. Journal of Tropical Animal Health Production, 41, 291-4.
Kumar, A. and Tadesse, G. (2011). Bovine cysticercosis in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 15 (1): 15-35.
Kyvsgaard, N.C. and Murrell, K.D. (2005). Prevention of taeniosis and cysticercosis. In: K.D. Mueller, Editor, WHO/FAO/OIE Guidelines for the Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Taeniosis/Cysticercosis, World Health Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, 56–72.
Lefevre C., Blancou J., Chermette R. and Uilenberg G. (2010). Infectious and parasitic or helminthes zoonotic diseases, bacterial diseases and fungal diseases. Lavoisier, 2: 1201- 1217.
Lefevre C., Blancou J., Chermette R. and Uilenberg G. (2010). Infectious and parasitic or helminthes zoonotic diseases, bacterial diseases and fungal diseases. Lavoisier, 2: 1201- 1217.
Mapatse, M., Sabeta, C., Fafetine, J., and Abernethy, D. (2022). Knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) and control of rabies among community households and health practitioners at the human-wildlife interface in Limpopo National Park, Massingir District, Mozambique. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 16(3), e0010202.
Martins, P. (2014). Structural change in Ethiopia: an employment perspective. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 67, 49.
McGavin, MD., Cariton, WW. and Zachary, JF. (2010). Muscle in Thomson’s special veterinary pathology, 2nd edn.Mosby,USA,Pp 461-478.
McGavin, MD., Cariton, WW. and Zachary, JF. (2010). Muscle in Thomson’s special veterinary pathology, 2nd edn.Mosby,USA,Pp 461-478.
McManus, D. P. (2009). Reflections on the biochemistry of Echinococcus: past, present and future. Parasitology, 136(12), 1643-1652.
Mcmanus, P. (2006). Molecular discrimination of taeniid cestodes. Parasitology international journal, 55: 31-37.
Mcmanus, P. (2006). Molecular discrimination of taeniid cestodes. Parasitology international journal, 55: 31-37.
Megersa, B., E. Tesfaye, A. Regassa, R. Abebe and F. Abunna. (2010). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Bovine Cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Southern Ethiopia.
Megersa, B., Tesfaye, E., Regassa, A., Abebe, R. and Abuna, F. (2010). Bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Jimma Municipal Abattoir, South Western Ethiopia: prevalence,cyst viability and its socio-economic importance. Veterinary World,3: 257–262.
Megersa, B., Tesfaye, E., Regassa, A., Abebe, R., and Abunna, F. (2009). Bovine cysticercosis in Cattle Slaughtered at Jimma Municipal Abattoir, South western Ethiopia: Prevalence, Cyst viability and Its Socio-economic importance, VeterinaryWorld, 3(6): 257-262.
Ministry of Agriculture/MoA. (1972). Meat inspection regulations. Legal notice no. 428 negarit gazeta. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Ministry of Agriculture/MoA. (1972). Meat Inspection Regulations. Legal notice No. 428 Negarite Gazeta, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Minozzo C., Gusso L., Castro A., Lago O. and Soccoi T. (2002). Experimental bovine infection with Taenia saginata eggs: recovery rates and Cysticerci location. Brazilian archives of biology and technology, 45: 452-455.
Minozzo, J.C., Gusso, R.L.F., De Castro, E.A., Lago, O. and Soccoi, V.T. (2002). Experimental Bovine Infection with T. saginata Eggs: Recovery Rates and Cysticerci Location. Braz. arch. biol. technol. 45, 4.
Mishra, S., Kumari, K. and Dubey, A. (2016). Body Condition Scoring of Dairy Cattle. Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2, 1–8.
Mohamed, A., Abebe, M., Birhanu, W., Abdirahman, M. and Wali, M. A. (2021). Prevalence of Taenia saginata cysticerci in Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Ethiopia. Food Waterborne Parasitol. 2021;25:e00135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed].
Mulugeta, A. (1997). Bovine cysticercosis: Prevalence, Economic and Public Health Importance at Bahir Dar Municipal Abattoir. Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, DebreZeit, Ethiopia.
Mulugeta, A., (1997): Bovine Cysticercosis, Prevalence, Economic and Public Health Importance at Bahir Dar Municipal Abattoir. DVM Thesis, AAU, DebrZeit, Ethiopia.
Murrel, B. (1991). Economic losses resulting from food born parasitic zoonoses. In Hailu D.(2005); prevalence and risk factor for Teania saginata cysticercosis in three selected areas of eastern shoa. Southern AsianJournal of Tropical Medicine22:268-270.
Murrell, D. (2013). Zoonotic food borne parasites and their surveillance. Scientific and technical review of the office international des epizooties, Paris, 32(2): 559-569.
Murrell, D. (2013). Zoonotic food borne parasites and their surveillance. Scientific and technical review of the office international des epizooties, Paris, 32(2): 559-569.
Mwape, K.E. and Gabriël, S. (2014). The Parasitological, Immunological and Molecular diagnosis of human taeniasis with special emphasis on Taenia solium taeniasis. Current Tropical Medicine Report 1: 173–180.
Netsanet, B. G., Yesuf, Y.A., Abrha, B. H. and Lewtnesh, B. D. (2020). Prevalence and public health importance of Cysticercus bovis in and around Dessie, Amhara region, North East Ethiopia. Niger J Anim Sci. 2020;22:173-185.
Nigatu, K. (2009). Cysticercosis of slaughtered cattle in northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of research veterinary science, 85: 522-526.
Nigatu, K., (2004). Cysticercus bovis: development and evaluation of serological tests and prevalence at Addis Ababa abattoir.
Nunes, Dda S., Gonzaga, H.T., Ribeiro, Vda., Cunha, JP J.r. and Costa-Cruz, J.M. (2013). Taenia saginata metacestode antigenic fractions obtained by ion exchange chromatography: potential source of immunodominant markers applicable in the immunodiagnosis of human neurocysticercosis. Diagnostic Microbiology Infectious Diseases,762: 36-41.
Nzeyimana, P., Habarugira, G., Udahemuka, J. C., Mushonga, B., and Tukei, M. (2015). Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis and age relationship at post-mortem in Nyagatare slaughterhouse.
OIE (Office of International des-Epizootics). (2000). Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines of Cysticercosis. In: Leeuw P. Semenye C. Peacock and Grandin B.Food and agricultural organization. Animal production and health paper, Rome, Italy, 423- 428.
OIE (Office of International des-Epizootics). (2004). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals, bird and bees). 5th edition, Paris, 997-1005.
OIE (Office of International des-Epizootics). (2005). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals, bird and bees). 5th edition, Paris, 997-1005.
OIE (Office of International des-Epizootics). (2012). Terrestrial manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines of cysticercosis. In: Leeuw P., Semenye C., Peacock T. and Grandin B. Chapter 2.9.5. Cysticercosis.
OIE (Office of International des-Epizootics). (2018). Teresterial Manual: in manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. Cysticercosis, 1693-1704.
Onyango J., Hughes A., Opicha G., Ninyi M., Rugutt K. and et al. (2012). Diagnosis of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Kenya cattle by antibodies and antigen ELISA. Journal of Veteterinary parasitology, 66: 221-230.
Onyango-Abuje A., Ngingi M., Rugutt K., Wright N., Lamuba P., Hughes G, and Harrison S. (2011). Sero-epidemiological survey of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Kenya. Veterinary Parasitology. 64:177-185.
Ortega R. (2006). Foodborne parasites. New York: Springer, Pp.207–210.
Pawlowski, Z. and Murrell K. (2001). Taeniasis and cysticercosis. Food borne disease handbook. 2nd edition. New York, Marcel Dekker, 217-227.
Rabiu, B. M. and Jegede O. C. (2010). Incidence of bovine cysticercosis in Kano State, NorthWestern, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3(1): 100 – 103.
Scandrett B., Parker S., Forbes L., Gajadhar A., Dekumyoy P. and et al. (2009). Distribution of Taenia saginata cysticerci in tissues of experimentally infected cattle. Veterinary parasitol, 14: 223-31.
Semie, K., Assefa, A. and Getu, A. (2015). Review work on bovine cysticercosis and its public health importance’s in Ethiopia. Journal of Acta Parasitologica Globalis, 6(1):20-28. Retrievedon August 10, 2015 from http://www.idosi.org/apg/6%281%2915/4.pdf. date assessed November 2023.
Sheikh, M., Sheikh, I., Ali, I. and Reshi, F. (2007). Nasal expulsion of Taenia Saginata: a rare route of expulsion. Internet Journal of Surgery, 16(2):13-20. retrieved on May 10, 2015 from http://is-pub.com/IJS/16/2/9449. date assessed November 2023.
Smyth, JD. (1994). Introduction to Animal Parasitology (3rd edn.).Hodder and Stoughton: London, Pp. 259-273.
Soares, V.E., Andrade belo, M.A., Rezende, P.C., Soccol,V.T., Fukuda, R. T., Oliveira, G.P. and Dacosta, A.J. (2011). Distribution of Taenia saginata metacestodes: a comparison of routine meat inspection and carcass dissection results in experimentally infected calves. Journal of Annals tropical medicine parasitology, 105(5):393–401.
Solomon, H. (2012). Animal health review 1972-1979, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 85-87.
Tegegne, A., Hiko, A. and Elemo, K.K. (2018). Bovine cysticercosis and human taeniasis:Animal–human health and economic approach with treatment trends in Kombolcha Town, Wollo, Ethiopia. International Journal of One Health, 4:15-21.
Teka, G. (1997). Food Hygiene Principles and Food Borne Disease Control with Special Reference to Ethiopia.1st edition, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, Pp.40-62.
Teklemariam, A. D. and Debash, W. (2015). Prevalence of Taenia saginata/Cysticercosis and community knowledge about zoonotic Cestodes in and around Batu, Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol. 2015;6:273.
Tembo, A. (2001). Epidemiology of Taenia saginata, taeniasis/ Cysticercosis in Three Selected Agro- Climatic Zones in central Ethiopia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. University of Berlin, Berlin.
Tesfaye, F., Bekele, J. and Abera, M. H (2020). Public health implications of Cysticercus bovis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla Municipal abattoir, southern Ethiopia. East Afr J Biophys Comput Sci. 2020;1:54-61.
Thrusfield, M. (2005). Veterinary Epidemiology, third edition Blackwell Science Oxford, UK, Pp.183.
Tolossa, T., Tigre, W., Teka, G and Dorny, P. (2009). Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis andhydatidosis in Jimma municipal abattoir, South West Ethiopia. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 76:323–326.
Tolossa, Y.H., Taha, A., Terefe, G. and Jibat, T. (2015). bovine cysticercosis and human taeniasis in Adama Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology; 10, 003.
Urquhart, G., Armour, J., Duncan, A., Dunn, F. and Jennings, A. (2013). Veterinary Parasitology. (8th edition), Black Well Science, London, 120-137.
Van, De N., Le, TH2., Lien, P.T1, and Eom, K.S. (2014). Current status of taeniosis and cysticercosis in Vietnam. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 52: 125-129.
Wanzala, W., Onyango-Abuje, JA., Kang’ethe, Ek., Zessin, M. and Kyule, NM, (2003). Analysis of post mortem diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis in Kenya cattle. Journal of Veterinary Research; 1-9.
WHO and FAO. (2005). Guidelines for surveillance, prevention and control of taeniasis/cysticercosis. In: Gemmell M., Matyas Z., Pawlowski Z. and Soulsby. World health organization handbook of transdisciplinary research, 134-139.
WHO. (2013). Taeniasis/cysticercosis. WHO Fact sheet no 376.
WHO. (2012). Taeniasis/cysticercosis. World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet No. 376.WHO. (2013). Taeniasis/cysticercosis. In: Hirsch G., Hoffmann H., Biber-Klemm S. and Grossenbacher W. WHO Fact sheet, 277-291.
WHO/DFID-AHP. (2005). The control of neglected zoonotic diseases, Report of a Joint WHO/DFID-AHP Meeting with the participation of FAO and OIE 12-14.Retrievedon October 13, 2015 from http://www.who.int/zoonoses/Report_Sept06.pdf?ua=1.
World Health Organization (WHO) (1995). – WHO Model Prescribing Information. Drugs used in parasitic diseases. Second Edition. WHO (Geneva).
World Organisation for Animal Health. (2005). Manual of Diagnosis Tests and vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals, birds and bees) (5th edn.). Paris: 997-1005.
Zdolec, N., Vujević, I., Dobranić, V., Juras, M., Grgurević, N., D. Ardalić, D. and Njari, B. (2012). Prevalence of Cysticercus bovis In Slaughtered Cattle Determined By Traditional Meat Inspection In Croatian Abattoir From 2005 To 2010. Journal of helminthologia, 49(4):229 -232.