Research article
● Open access
Effect of Water-Absorbent Polymer Beads on Fiber-Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures: A Comprehensive Experimental Investigation
Abstract
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) offers superior workability and can be placed without mechanical vibration, making it suitable for heavily reinforced structures. However, SCC is more vulnerable to high temperatures due to its dense microstructure, which can trap vapor and cause explosive spalling during fire exposure. This study investigates the combined effect of basalt fibers (0.4% by volume) and water-absorbent polymer beads (WAPB) on the fresh properties, mechanical performance, thermal conductivity, and residual strength of SCC exposed to temperatures up to 700 °C.
Four SCC mixtures were prepared: a reference mix with basalt fibers only and three mixes containing 3%, 4%, and 5% WAPB by weight of cementitious materials. Fresh properties were evaluated using EFNARC tests, while compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths were measured at 7, 28, and 56 days. Specimens were then exposed to 300 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C to determine residual strengths.
Results showed that WAPB improved workability and segregation resistance, with slump flow increasing up to 9.92%. Although compressive strength decreased initially at 28 days, WAPB mixes exhibited greater strength gain by 56 days due to internal curing. After exposure to 700 °C, residual compressive strengths increased from 32.91% in the reference mix to 46.84% in the mix with 5% WAPB. Similar improvements were observed in tensile and flexural strengths.
The findings indicate that incorporating WAPB in basalt fiber-reinforced SCC enhances fire resistance and structural stability. The internal curing effect and formation of pressure-relief voids help reduce thermal damage and spalling. This approach shows strong potential for developing fire-resistant SCC for structures such as high-rise buildings, tunnels, and industrial facilities.
Keywords
self-compacting concrete; basalt fiber; water-absorbent polymer beads; elevated temperature; fire resistance; residual strength; thermal conductivity; internal curing; compressive strength; splitting tensile strength; flexural strength; spalling prevention
References
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Ahmed, I. F. (2017). Compressive strength of concrete containing water absorption polymer balls (WAPB). Kufa Journal of Engineering, 8(2), 42-52. https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/KJE/821164
Akers, D. J., et al. (1999). Guide for structural lightweight-aggregate concrete. American Concrete Institute.
Alaskar, A., Albidah, A., Alqarni, A. S., Alyousef, R., & Mohammadhosseini, H. (2021). Performance evaluation of high-strength concrete reinforced with basalt fibers exposed to elevated temperatures. Journal of Building Engineering, 35, 102108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102108
Ali, S. M., & Awad, H. K. (2024). The effect of hybrid fibers on some properties of structural lightweight self-compacting concrete by using LECA as partial replacement of coarse aggregate. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 14(4), 15002-15007. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.7425
Allawi, A. A., Oukaili, N. K., & Jasim, W. A. (2021). Strength compensation of deep beams with large web openings using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer sheets. Advances in Structural Engineering, 24(1), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433220947195
Al-Mulla, I. F. A., Al-Rihimy, A. S., & Al-Shamaa, M. F. (2020). Compressive strength and shrinkage behavior of concrete produced from Portland limestone cement with water absorption polymer balls. Key Engineering Materials, 857, 83-88. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.857.83
Al-Mulia, I. F., & Al-Rihimy, A. S. (2025). The effect of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic behavior of polymeric fibers on some properties of reactive powder concrete. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 15(2), 21691-21694. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10157
Al-Obaidy, H. K. A. (2017). Influence of internal sulfate attack on some properties of self-compacted concrete. Journal of Engineering, 23(5), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.05.03
Altwari, N. M., Abuzgala, A. G., Alsharif, A. M., Sryh, L. S., Abdulsalam, S. E. A., & Swalem, K. A. (2025). Assessing the effects of Libyan iron slag on self-compacting concrete characteristics. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 15(1), 19589-19595. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.9337
Ashteyat, A., Obaidat, A. T., Qerba'a, R., & Abdel-Jaber, M. (2024). Influence of basalt fiber on the rheological and mechanical properties and durability behavior of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Fibers, 12(7), 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12070052
ASTM C1240-20. (2020). Standard specification for silica fume used in cementitious mixtures. ASTM International.
ASTM C293/C293M-16. (2016). Standard test methods for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with center-point loading). ASTM International.
ASTM C494/C494M-17. (2017). Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. ASTM International.
ASTM C496/C496M-17. (2017). Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM International.
ASTM C1113/C1113M-09. (2013). Standard test method for thermal conductivity of refractories by hot wire (platinum resistance thermometer technique). ASTM International.
ASTM E119-98. (1987). Standard test method for fire tests for building construction and materials. ASTM International.
Awang, H., & Aljoumaly, Z. S. (2017). Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on mechanical properties of foam concrete. Cogent Engineering, 4(1), 1409853. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1409853
Benjeddou, O., Katman, H. Y., Jedidi, M., & Mashaan, N. (2022). Experimental investigation of the high temperatures effects on self-compacting concrete properties. Buildings, 12(6), 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060729
BS EN 12390-3:2019. (2019). Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test specimens. British Standards Institution.
Chen, C., Liu, X., Zhou, Q. Q., & Ma, Y. L. (2022). Effect of basalt fiber on the thermal conductivity and wear resistance of sintered WC-based diamond composites. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 105, 105829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.105829
EFNARC. (2005). The European guidelines for self-compacting concrete: Specification, production and use. EFNARC.
Fawzi, N. M., & Al-Awadi, A. Y. E. (2017). Enhancing performance of self-compacting concrete with internal curing using thermostone chips. Journal of Engineering, 23(7), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.07.01
Fawzi, N. M., & Weli, A. K. (2016). Some properties of polymer modified self-compacting concrete exposed to kerosene and gas oil. Journal of Engineering, 22(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.01.03
Gheidan, E., Kadir, M. A. A., & Aluko, O. G. (2025). A thorough review of thermal and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced ordinary Portland cement-SCC and pozzolanic-SCC. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, 16(2), 268-290. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSFE-08-2024-0031
Gong, Y., et al. (2024). Effect of basalt/steel individual and hybrid fiber on mechanical properties and microstructure of UHPC. Materials, 17(13), 3299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133299
Hammad, A. A., Izzat, A. F., & Farhan, J. A. (2012). Effect of fire flame (high temperature) on the self compacted concrete (SCC) one way slabs. Journal of Engineering, 18(10), 1083-1099. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2012.10.01
Harraz, H. Z. (2019). Basalt rock fiber. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University.
Hussen, N. F., & Mohammed, S. D. (2022). Influence of fire-flame duration and temperature on the behavior of reinforced concrete beam containing water absorption polymer sphere: Numerical investigation. Journal of Engineering, 28(11), 67-84. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2022.11.06
Iraqi Standard Specification. (1984). *Iraqi specification for aggregate from natural sources for concrete and building construction, I.Q.S. No. 45-1984*.
Iraqi Standard Specification. (2004). Iraqi standard materials specification & construction works.
Iraqi Standard Specification. (2019). *Iraqi standard specification for Portland cement, I.Q.S. No. 5-2019*.
Jaber, I. H., & Warsoyh, W. A. (2024). Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs. Open Engineering, 14(1), 20240036. https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2024-0036
Kiran Prabha, M., Vishnu Vardhan, K., Santhi, A. S., & Mohan Ganesh, G. (2025). Advancements in self-compacting concrete reinforced with basalt fiber: A comprehensive review. Engineering Reports, 7(5), e70147. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70147
Laila, L. R., Gurupatham, B. G. A., Roy, K., & Lim, J. B. P. (2021). Influence of super absorbent polymer on mechanical, rheological, durability, and microstructural properties of self-compacting concrete using non-biodegradable granite pulver. Structural Concrete, 22(S1), E1093-E1116. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900470
Majeed, W. Z., Aboud, R. K., Naji, N. B., & Mohammed, S. D. (2023). Investigation of the impact of glass waste in reactive powder concrete on attenuation properties for bremsstrahlung ray. East European Journal of Physics, (1), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2023-1-12
Memon, N. A., Memon, M. A., Lakh, N. A., Memon, F. A., Keerio, M. A., & Memon, A. N. (2018). A review on self-compacting concrete with cementitious materials and fibers. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 8(3), 2969-2974. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2006
Mohammed, S. D., & Fawzi, N. M. (2016). Fire flame influence on the behavior of reinforced concrete beams affected by repeated load. Journal of Engineering, 22(9), 206-223. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.09.13
Naeem, B. Q., & Awad, H. K. (2025). Effect of perlite aggregate replacement of coarse aggregate on the behavior of SCC exposed to fire flame by using different cooling methods. Journal of Engineering, 31(1), 54-72. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2025.01.04
Okamura, H., & Ouchi, M. (2003). Self-compacting concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 1(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.1.5
Onyelowe, K. C., Ebid, A. M., Hanandeh, S., Kamchoom, V., Awoyera, P., & Avudaiappan, S. (2025). Modeling the compressive strength behavior of concrete reinforced with basalt fiber. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 11493. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96343-6
Oukaili, N. K., & Al-Asadi, A. A. (2010). Analysis of concrete flexural members reinforced with fiber polymer. Journal of Engineering, 16(3), 5569-5587. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2010.03.19
Ozodabas, A. (2018). Investigation of the effect of basalt fiber on self-compacting concrete. International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH, 6(12), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i12.2018.1075
Paul, S., Rashid, M. H., & Rahman, M. A. (2020). Effect of elevated temperature on residual strength of self-compacted concrete. Journal of Engineering Science, 11(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.3329/jes.v11i2.50902
Regar, M. L., & Amjad, A. I. (2016). Basalt fibre - Ancient mineral fibre for green and sustainable development. Tekstilec, 59(4), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.14502/tekstilec2016.59.321-334
Saand, A., Jamali, K. A., Keerio, M. A., Ali, T., & Bhatti, N. (2019). Effect of metakaolin developed from local sooth on fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacted concrete. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 9(6), 4901-4904. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3152
Said, A. I., & Abbas, O. M. (2013). Serviceability behavior of high strength concrete I-beams reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer bars. Journal of Engineering, 19(11), 1515-1530. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2013.11.10
Salman, B. A., & Al-Mulali, M. Z. (2025). The effect of nano technology on the properties of sustainable foam concrete. Journal of Engineering, 31(6), 193-203. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2025.06.10
Shi, J., et al. (2023). The effect of superabsorbent polymer on fair-faced concrete performance based on white cement. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2023(1), 6615183. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6615183
Shoaib, S., El-Maaddawy, T., El-Hassan, H., El-Ariss, B., & Alsalami, M. (2022). Workability and flexural strength of concrete reinforced with basalt macro-fibers. In Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction, 9(1), MAT-1. https://doi.org/10.14455/ISEC.2022.9(1).MAT-32
Wang, Y., Ma, C., Liu, Q., Zhou, Q., & Ma, Y. (2018). Effect of moisture content on thermal conductivity of concretes. China Construction Technology Group Co., Ltd, (4), 595-599. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2018.04.011
Wu, Z., Wang, X., Liu, J., & Chen, X. (2020). Mineral fibers: Basalt. In R. M. Kozlowski & M. Mackiewicz-Talarczyk (Eds.), Handbook of Natural Fibres (2nd ed., pp. 433-502). Woodhead Publishing.
Xie, F., Zhang, C., Cai, D., & Ruan, J. (2020). Comparative study on the mechanical strength of SAP internally cured concrete. Frontiers in Materials, 7, 588130. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.588130
Xu, J., et al. (2025). Comparative study on the properties of basalt and steel fiber reinforcement waste rock concrete. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 15103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99292-2
Xue, Z., Qi, P., Yan, Z., Pei, Q., Zhong, J., & Zhan, Q. (2023). Mechanical properties and crack resistance of basalt fiber self-compacting high strength concrete: An experimental study. Materials, 16(12), 4374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124374
Yahy AL-Radi, H. H., Dejian, S., & Sultan, H. K. (2021). Performance of fiber self-compacting concrete at high temperatures. Civil Engineering Journal, 7(12), 2083-2098. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091779
Adejuyigbe, I. B., Chiadighikaobi, P. C., & Okpara, D. A. (2019). Sustainability comparison for steel and basalt fiber reinforcement, landfills, leachate reservoirs and multi-functional structure. Civil Engineering Journal, 5(1), 172-180. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091235
Ahmed, I. F. (2017). Compressive strength of concrete containing water absorption polymer balls (WAPB). Kufa Journal of Engineering, 8(2), 42-52. https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/KJE/821164
Akers, D. J., et al. (1999). Guide for structural lightweight-aggregate concrete. American Concrete Institute.
Alaskar, A., Albidah, A., Alqarni, A. S., Alyousef, R., & Mohammadhosseini, H. (2021). Performance evaluation of high-strength concrete reinforced with basalt fibers exposed to elevated temperatures. Journal of Building Engineering, 35, 102108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102108
Ali, S. M., & Awad, H. K. (2024). The effect of hybrid fibers on some properties of structural lightweight self-compacting concrete by using LECA as partial replacement of coarse aggregate. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 14(4), 15002-15007. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.7425
Allawi, A. A., Oukaili, N. K., & Jasim, W. A. (2021). Strength compensation of deep beams with large web openings using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer sheets. Advances in Structural Engineering, 24(1), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433220947195
Al-Mulla, I. F. A., Al-Rihimy, A. S., & Al-Shamaa, M. F. (2020). Compressive strength and shrinkage behavior of concrete produced from Portland limestone cement with water absorption polymer balls. Key Engineering Materials, 857, 83-88. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.857.83
Al-Mulia, I. F., & Al-Rihimy, A. S. (2025). The effect of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic behavior of polymeric fibers on some properties of reactive powder concrete. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 15(2), 21691-21694. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10157
Al-Obaidy, H. K. A. (2017). Influence of internal sulfate attack on some properties of self-compacted concrete. Journal of Engineering, 23(5), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.05.03
Altwari, N. M., Abuzgala, A. G., Alsharif, A. M., Sryh, L. S., Abdulsalam, S. E. A., & Swalem, K. A. (2025). Assessing the effects of Libyan iron slag on self-compacting concrete characteristics. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 15(1), 19589-19595. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.9337
Ashteyat, A., Obaidat, A. T., Qerba'a, R., & Abdel-Jaber, M. (2024). Influence of basalt fiber on the rheological and mechanical properties and durability behavior of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Fibers, 12(7), 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12070052
ASTM C1240-20. (2020). Standard specification for silica fume used in cementitious mixtures. ASTM International.
ASTM C293/C293M-16. (2016). Standard test methods for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with center-point loading). ASTM International.
ASTM C494/C494M-17. (2017). Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. ASTM International.
ASTM C496/C496M-17. (2017). Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM International.
ASTM C1113/C1113M-09. (2013). Standard test method for thermal conductivity of refractories by hot wire (platinum resistance thermometer technique). ASTM International.
ASTM E119-98. (1987). Standard test method for fire tests for building construction and materials. ASTM International.
Awang, H., & Aljoumaly, Z. S. (2017). Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on mechanical properties of foam concrete. Cogent Engineering, 4(1), 1409853. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1409853
Benjeddou, O., Katman, H. Y., Jedidi, M., & Mashaan, N. (2022). Experimental investigation of the high temperatures effects on self-compacting concrete properties. Buildings, 12(6), 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060729
BS EN 12390-3:2019. (2019). Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test specimens. British Standards Institution.
Chen, C., Liu, X., Zhou, Q. Q., & Ma, Y. L. (2022). Effect of basalt fiber on the thermal conductivity and wear resistance of sintered WC-based diamond composites. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 105, 105829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.105829
EFNARC. (2005). The European guidelines for self-compacting concrete: Specification, production and use. EFNARC.
Fawzi, N. M., & Al-Awadi, A. Y. E. (2017). Enhancing performance of self-compacting concrete with internal curing using thermostone chips. Journal of Engineering, 23(7), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.07.01
Fawzi, N. M., & Weli, A. K. (2016). Some properties of polymer modified self-compacting concrete exposed to kerosene and gas oil. Journal of Engineering, 22(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.01.03
Gheidan, E., Kadir, M. A. A., & Aluko, O. G. (2025). A thorough review of thermal and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced ordinary Portland cement-SCC and pozzolanic-SCC. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, 16(2), 268-290. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSFE-08-2024-0031
Gong, Y., et al. (2024). Effect of basalt/steel individual and hybrid fiber on mechanical properties and microstructure of UHPC. Materials, 17(13), 3299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133299
Hammad, A. A., Izzat, A. F., & Farhan, J. A. (2012). Effect of fire flame (high temperature) on the self compacted concrete (SCC) one way slabs. Journal of Engineering, 18(10), 1083-1099. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2012.10.01
Harraz, H. Z. (2019). Basalt rock fiber. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University.
Hussen, N. F., & Mohammed, S. D. (2022). Influence of fire-flame duration and temperature on the behavior of reinforced concrete beam containing water absorption polymer sphere: Numerical investigation. Journal of Engineering, 28(11), 67-84. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2022.11.06
Iraqi Standard Specification. (1984). *Iraqi specification for aggregate from natural sources for concrete and building construction, I.Q.S. No. 45-1984*.
Iraqi Standard Specification. (2004). Iraqi standard materials specification & construction works.
Iraqi Standard Specification. (2019). *Iraqi standard specification for Portland cement, I.Q.S. No. 5-2019*.
Jaber, I. H., & Warsoyh, W. A. (2024). Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs. Open Engineering, 14(1), 20240036. https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2024-0036
Kiran Prabha, M., Vishnu Vardhan, K., Santhi, A. S., & Mohan Ganesh, G. (2025). Advancements in self-compacting concrete reinforced with basalt fiber: A comprehensive review. Engineering Reports, 7(5), e70147. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70147
Laila, L. R., Gurupatham, B. G. A., Roy, K., & Lim, J. B. P. (2021). Influence of super absorbent polymer on mechanical, rheological, durability, and microstructural properties of self-compacting concrete using non-biodegradable granite pulver. Structural Concrete, 22(S1), E1093-E1116. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900470
Majeed, W. Z., Aboud, R. K., Naji, N. B., & Mohammed, S. D. (2023). Investigation of the impact of glass waste in reactive powder concrete on attenuation properties for bremsstrahlung ray. East European Journal of Physics, (1), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2023-1-12
Memon, N. A., Memon, M. A., Lakh, N. A., Memon, F. A., Keerio, M. A., & Memon, A. N. (2018). A review on self-compacting concrete with cementitious materials and fibers. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 8(3), 2969-2974. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2006
Mohammed, S. D., & Fawzi, N. M. (2016). Fire flame influence on the behavior of reinforced concrete beams affected by repeated load. Journal of Engineering, 22(9), 206-223. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.09.13
Naeem, B. Q., & Awad, H. K. (2025). Effect of perlite aggregate replacement of coarse aggregate on the behavior of SCC exposed to fire flame by using different cooling methods. Journal of Engineering, 31(1), 54-72. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2025.01.04
Okamura, H., & Ouchi, M. (2003). Self-compacting concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 1(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.1.5
Onyelowe, K. C., Ebid, A. M., Hanandeh, S., Kamchoom, V., Awoyera, P., & Avudaiappan, S. (2025). Modeling the compressive strength behavior of concrete reinforced with basalt fiber. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 11493. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96343-6
Oukaili, N. K., & Al-Asadi, A. A. (2010). Analysis of concrete flexural members reinforced with fiber polymer. Journal of Engineering, 16(3), 5569-5587. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2010.03.19
Ozodabas, A. (2018). Investigation of the effect of basalt fiber on self-compacting concrete. International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH, 6(12), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i12.2018.1075
Paul, S., Rashid, M. H., & Rahman, M. A. (2020). Effect of elevated temperature on residual strength of self-compacted concrete. Journal of Engineering Science, 11(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.3329/jes.v11i2.50902
Regar, M. L., & Amjad, A. I. (2016). Basalt fibre - Ancient mineral fibre for green and sustainable development. Tekstilec, 59(4), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.14502/tekstilec2016.59.321-334
Saand, A., Jamali, K. A., Keerio, M. A., Ali, T., & Bhatti, N. (2019). Effect of metakaolin developed from local sooth on fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacted concrete. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 9(6), 4901-4904. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3152
Said, A. I., & Abbas, O. M. (2013). Serviceability behavior of high strength concrete I-beams reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer bars. Journal of Engineering, 19(11), 1515-1530. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2013.11.10
Salman, B. A., & Al-Mulali, M. Z. (2025). The effect of nano technology on the properties of sustainable foam concrete. Journal of Engineering, 31(6), 193-203. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2025.06.10
Shi, J., et al. (2023). The effect of superabsorbent polymer on fair-faced concrete performance based on white cement. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2023(1), 6615183. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6615183
Shoaib, S., El-Maaddawy, T., El-Hassan, H., El-Ariss, B., & Alsalami, M. (2022). Workability and flexural strength of concrete reinforced with basalt macro-fibers. In Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction, 9(1), MAT-1. https://doi.org/10.14455/ISEC.2022.9(1).MAT-32
Wang, Y., Ma, C., Liu, Q., Zhou, Q., & Ma, Y. (2018). Effect of moisture content on thermal conductivity of concretes. China Construction Technology Group Co., Ltd, (4), 595-599. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2018.04.011
Wu, Z., Wang, X., Liu, J., & Chen, X. (2020). Mineral fibers: Basalt. In R. M. Kozlowski & M. Mackiewicz-Talarczyk (Eds.), Handbook of Natural Fibres (2nd ed., pp. 433-502). Woodhead Publishing.
Xie, F., Zhang, C., Cai, D., & Ruan, J. (2020). Comparative study on the mechanical strength of SAP internally cured concrete. Frontiers in Materials, 7, 588130. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.588130
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